Energy, Exergy and Environmental Compatibility Analyses of LPG and Household Kerosene Utilisations as Domestic Fuels in Nigeria: 1980 – 2019
Journal of Energy Research and Reviews,
Page 46-56
DOI:
10.9734/jenrr/2021/v7i330194
Abstract
Household kerosene and Liquefied Petroleum Gas form the bulk of domestic fuels, especially in Nigerian urban areas. Data on both fuels, from 1980 to 2019, were collected, mainly from Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation sources. Energy, exergy and environmental compatibility analyses were carried out on the utilisation of LPG for cooking, and household kerosene for both cooking and lighting. Kerosene lighting, with 0.05% energy efficiency and 0.045% exergy efficiency, was extremely poor. Cooking, with different mixes of both fuels, yielded energy efficiencies ranging from 35.04% to 44.54%. Corresponding exergy efficiencies were from 7.75% to 9.98%. Associated environmental compatibility factors were from 0.71749 to 0.73945. Overall process energy efficiencies, involving both cooking and lighting, were from 4.05% to 34.19%. Corresponding exergy efficiencies were from 0.93% to 7.61%. Overall environmental compatibility factors ranged from 0.71746 to 0.73259. Energy and exergy efficiencies, as well as environmental compatibility factors, increased directly with increase in LPG utilisation in the fuel-mix.
Keywords:
- Energy
- exergy
- liquefied petroleum gas
- household kerosene
- lower heating value
- environmental compatibility
How to Cite
Badmus, I., & Bakri, A. J. (2021). Energy, Exergy and Environmental Compatibility Analyses of LPG and Household Kerosene Utilisations as Domestic Fuels in Nigeria: 1980 – 2019. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 7(3), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2021/v7i330194
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Dincer I, Hussain MM, Al- Zaharnah I. Energy and exergy utilisation in transport sector of Saudi Arabia. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2004;24:525–538.
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World Health Organization. Indoor air quality guidelines: Household Fuel Combustion; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland; 2014.
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Majeed K, Ahmed A, Bakar MSA, Mahlia TMI, Saba N, Hassan A, Jawaid M, Hussain M, Iqbal J, Ali Z. Mechanical and thermal properties of montmorillonite-reinforced polypropylene/rice husk hybrid nano composites. Polymers. 2019;11:1557. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Radenahmad N, Morni NAH, Ahmed A, Bakar MSA, Zaini J, Azad AK. Characterization of rice husk as a potential renewable energy source. In Proceedings of the 7th Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2018, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei, 12–14 November; 2018. [CrossRef]
Gujba H, Mulugetta Y, Azapagic A. The household cooking sector in Nigeria: Environmental and economic sustainability assessment. Resources. 2015;4:412 – 433.
Ohimain IE. The benefits and potential impacts of household cooking fuel substitution with bio- ethanol produced from cassava feedstock in Nigeria. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2012;16:352–362. [CrossRef]
Adegbemi BO, Adegbemi OO, Olalekan AJ, Babatunde OO. Energy consumption and Nigerian economic growth: An empirical analysis. Eur. Sci. J. 2013;9:25–39.
National Population Commission—NPC/Nigeria and ICF International. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013; NPC/Nigeria and ICF International: Abuja, Nigeria; 2014.
Oyekale AS, Dare AM, Olugbire OO. Assessment of rural households cooking energy choice during kerosene subsidy in Nigeria: A case study of Oluyole Local Government Area of Oyo State. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2012;7:5405– 5411.
Ohaeri V, Adeyinka T. Policy Brief: Kerosene subsidy reform and the burden of supply. Gend. Energy Policy. 2016;1:1–5.
Van Leeuwen R, Evans A, Hyseni B. Increasing the use of liquefied petroleum gas in cooking in developing countries; Live Wire: 2017/74; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA; 2017.
Nautiyal S. Transition from wood fuel to LPG and its impact on energy conservation and health in the central Himalayas. J. Mt. Sci. 2013;10:898– 912. [CrossRef]
Bruce NG, Aunan K, Rehfuess EA. Liquefied petroleum gas as a clean cooking fuel for developing countries: Implications for climate, forests, and affordability; materials on development financing No. 7; KfW Development Bank: Frankfurt, Germany, 2017.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 1997, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2002, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2004, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2005, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2006, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2007, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2008, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2009, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2010, Corporate Planning and Development Division
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2011, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2012, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2013, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2014, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2015, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2016, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Annual Statistical Bulletin January – December 2017, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): Financial and Operations report, January 2020, Corporate Planning and Development Division.
Ogwumike FO, Ozughalu UM, Abiona GA. Household energy use and determinants: evidence from Nigeria. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 2014;4(2):248- 262.
ISSN: 2146-4553,
Available:www.econjournals.com
CIS LPG Consultants. Nigerian LP Gas Sector Improvement Study, World Bank/Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP), March; 2004
Garg A, Kazunari K, Pulles T. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Chapter 1 (Introduction). 2006;2. (Energy)
Szargut J, Morris DR, Steward FR. Exergy analysis of thermal, chemical, and metallurgical processes. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington DC, USA; 1988.
Bejan A, Tsatsaronis G, Moran M. Thermal Design and Optimization, Wiley-Interscience; 1996.
Badmus I, Osunleke AS, Fagbenle RO, Oyewola MO. Energy and exergy analyses of the Nigerian transportation sector from 1980 to 2010. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering. 2012;3:23.
DOI:101186/2251-6832-3-23
Plas R, de Graaf AB. A comparison of lamps for domestic lighting in developing countries. Industry and Energy Department Working Paper Energy Series Paper No. 6, World Bank, Washington DC; 1988.
Badmus I, Osunleke AS. Application of energy and exergy analyses for efficient energy utilisation in the Nigerian residential sector. International Journal of Exergy. 2010;7(3):352–368.
Dincer I, Hussain MM, Al- Zaharnah I. Energy and exergy utilisation in transport sector of Saudi Arabia. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2004;24:525–538.
De Swaan Arons J, van der Kooi H, Sankaranarayanan K. Efficiency and sustainability in the energy and chemical industries. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. 2004;300.
Hendriks C. Carbon dioxide removal from coal-fired power plants. PhD thesis, University of Utrecht. 1994;259.
Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H, Mulder J, van den Berg MMD, van der Kooi HJ, de Swaan Arons J. illustrations towards quantifying the sustainability of technology, green chemistry. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2000;2.
DOI: 10.1039/b000015i
Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Annual Abstract of Statistics, Abuja, Nigeria; 2010.
Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Annual Abstract of Statistics, Abuja, Nigeria; 2011.
Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Annual Abstract of Statistics. Abuja, Nigeria; 2012.
National Bureau of Statistics. Living Standards Measurement Study Integrated Surveys on Agriculture, General Household Survey Panel 2010/11, Abuja; 2013.
Available:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLSMS/Resources/3358986 1233781970982/5800988-/7337519- 309178625309/GHS Panel_Wave_1_Survey_Report.pdf
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS): Petroleum Products Consumption Statistics in Nigeria: 2015 (Q1-Q4); 2016.
National Bureau of Statistics. Annual Abstract of Statistics, Abuja. 2016;1.
Available:https://www.proshareng.com/admin/upload/reports/ANNUALABSTRACTSTATISTICSVOLUME1.pdf
GSI Report. Gender and fossil fuel subsidy reform in Nigeria: Findings and recommendations. International Institute for Sustainable Development; 2020. www.IISD.org/gsi,
Global Subsidies Initiative-IISD, Spaces for Change | S4C, The International Institute for Sustainable Development, February; 2020.
Mills E. Global kerosene subsidies: An obstacle to energy efficiency and development. World Development. 2017;49.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.0 5.036
United For Efficiency Initiatives (U4E Nigeria). Reducing black carbon emissions by transitioning to clean and sustainable lightning (Nigeria), Establishing the Foundations of a Partnership to Accelerate the Global Market Transformation for Efficient Appliances and Equipment, Ref No: UNEP/U4E/ DTIE17- EN039; 2017.
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